Nonprofit Board of Directors Term Length: How Long is Too Long?
In a few weeks, your nonprofit is having its next board meeting. It just happens to be the annual meeting in which officers and directors are elected. You’re the founder and have been President and a board member since the organization was founded in 2006, and your current term is up. It’s a foregone conclusion that you will be elected to a 6th three-year term. The question is: Is that OK?
The good news is that there are no legally prescribed term limits for board service on a nonprofit, at least not at the IRS level. Most states require there to be a set term in number of years (1 year, 2 years, 3 years, etc). But even with the requirement that there be terms, virtually no state sets a limit on the number of consecutive terms.
So far, so good. The better question to ask, then, is whether it is in the best interest of your nonprofit to serve in perpetuity?
Some the following comes from BoardSource, which is a fantastic resource for nonprofit boards of directors. Foundation Group is a corporate-member, and we regularly refer to their materials for best practice guidance. We don’t 100% endorse everything they produce, but on balance, it is excellent material you should be acquainted with.
According to the linked article, 87.5% of nonprofits have board terms. A little more than half of that group also has term limits, meaning only so many terms can be served. The most common setup is two consecutive three-year terms. I recently rolled off a board that had this very setup. Many other possibilities will work.
So what are some pros of term limits? From BoardSource:
- Provide opportunity for the board and organization to work with talented community members who can devote only a few years to board service
- Make it easier to diversity your board, which brings new ideas and new perspectives to the board and its decision-making process
- Enable you to avoid stagnation, tiredness, boredom, and loss of commitment that can sometimes set in when board members serve long terms
- Enable you to avoid the perpetual concentration of power within a small group of people and the intimidation of new members by this dominant group
- When staggered, provide a built-in balance of continuity and turnover
- Allow for rotation of committee assignments
- Raise awareness of and provide opportunities to change and improve group dynamics
- Provide a respectful and efficient mechanism for the exit of passive, ineffective, or troublesome board members
- Enlarge your circle of committed supporters as members rotate off the board
- Enable the board to easily adjust its membership to reflect the organization’s changing needs
I think the above list would make sense to most people involved in nonprofit board service. But are there any cons to term limits? To quote the BoardSource article:
- Potential loss of expertise or insight that has benefited the board and organization over time
- Potential loss of organizational memory
- Need for the governance committee to dedicate more time to the identification, recruitment, and orientation of new board members
- Need to dedicate additional time to building the cohesiveness of the board as members rotate on and off the board
Another thing to consider is just whose board membership we’re talking about. There are organizational types where longer terms, even those in perpetuity, make a lot of sense.
Churches
There are quite a few different church governance models: congregational, elders and/or deacons, board of trustees, or hierarchal (e.g., centrally controlled groups like Catholic or United Methodist). There can also be governance types that involve multiple elements such as these.
For example: In a church controlled by elders, you often see those elders serve as the equivalent of board members. Because of the way most churches define eldership as a spiritual or pastoral leader, these individuals rarely serve terms. It is far more common to see them serve for as long as they remain in the position of elder.
Micro-Charities
It may come as a surprise to many, but nearly 2/3rds of charitable nonprofits in the US generate less than $50,000 in gross revenue each year. We tend to label these nonprofits as micro-charities. In an organization this small, board turnover tends to happen far less due to a very limited set of potential candidates for service.
The small size of the organization does not necessarily negate the negative aspects of perpetual board service, and in fact, may enhance it to the point that growth is stymied. That’s not always the case, of course, but it can become a self-perpetuating problem.
Entrepreneurial Nonprofits
This final category we’ll consider is the domain of the dominant founder(s). I don’t mean “dominant” to be pejorative, though that can be the case. Most of the time, however, a nonprofit like this has a unique purpose or program that is highly dependent on the vision and expertise of the founder. As such, it functions much like an entrepreneurial small business would, minus the ownership factor. In many such nonprofits, the founder serves perpetual terms as board president or chair. Often, this is codified into the nonprofit’s bylaws…or, the nonprofit may be set up as a sole member organization.
Unfortunately, this scenario is also the one most likely to fall into the trap of founder’s syndrome. Should your nonprofit decide to create a perpetual board seat for a founder, make sure a sufficient number of other independent voices are on your board. In addition, consider a “trap-door” clause that would allow for removal of this individual from the board for cause. Most often, a clause like this will call for a unanimous vote in order to trigger the removal.
The answer to the question, “How long is too long?” really depends upon the situation. Many nonprofits will benefit long-term from a healthy rotation of talented and engaged individuals occupying the board room. Others, by virtue of what they do or how they govern, will find board rotation to be rare. Either way, the health of your board will determine the health and success of your nonprofit. Choose your board structure and its members with care.
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Term limits are not as important in my experience for board memberships as is hidden agendas of people who want to be on an organization’s board. Especially smaller organizations where the person becomes a board member and then begins recruiting his/he friends, or the member is a parent of a student that attends classes provided by the NfP, &/or begins challenging or attempts to alter the original purposeful mission of the organization. Sometimes the only people available are parents and this becomes a unique situation especially for a new director. I know I was not hired for a directorship because I simply asked “how many of the board are parents with students currently enrolled at the school of the organization. In my experience this type of board situation can stay for the actual growth of an organization. I’d like to know what foundation group has to say about this type of situation thank you
My reply is that every situation is different. I, too, have seen agenda-driven board members who can create real chaos. It’s rarely a perfect scenario. Because of the need for a majority-independent board, there is always the potential for trouble. Having a sufficient number of directors to dilute troublemakers can help. A large enough board can establish a nomination committee who is tasked with vetting candidates and only presenting the good ones to the members for approval. Having served on a private school board for 6 years, it’s a system that works pretty well. Perfect? No. Is there a better way? Probably not.